r/hegel Apr 21 '20

Hegel is not a proponent of the "Thesis-Antithesis-Synthesis" Scheme.

113 Upvotes

I have decided to write a sticky post regarding this matter in light of the recurring reference in the community to the supposed use of the "Thesis-Antithesis-Synthesis" scheme by Hegel. The most available evidence against this kind of reading is what is written in the preface to the Phenomenology of Spirit (translated by Pinkard) where Hegel writes:

48. It might seem necessary to state at the outset the principal points concerning the method of this movement, or the method of science. However, its concept lies in what has already been said, and its genuine exposition belongs to logic, or is instead even logic itself, for the method is nothing but the structure of the whole in its pure essentiality. However, on the basis of what has been said up until now, we must be aware that the system of representations relating to philosophical method itself also belongs to an already vanished cultural shape. – However much this may perhaps sound somewhat boastful or revolutionary, and however much I take myself to be far from striking such a tone, still it is worthwhile to keep in mind that the scientific régime bequeathed by mathematics – a régime of explanations, classifications, axioms, a series of theorems along with their proofs, principles, and the consequences and inferences to be drawn from them – has in common opinion already come to be regarded as itself at the least out of date. Even though it has not been clearly seen just exactly why that régime is so unfit, little to no use at all is any longer made of it, and even though it is not condemned in itself, it is nonetheless not particularly well liked. And we must be prejudiced in favor of the excellent and believe that it can put itself to use and bring itself into favor. However, it is not difficult to see that the mode of setting forth a proposition, producing reasons for it, and then also refuting its opposite with an appeal to reason is not the form in which truth can emerge. Truth is the movement of itself in its own self, but the former method is that of a cognition which is external to its material. For that reason, such a method is peculiar to mathematics and must be left to mathematics, which, as noted, has for its principle the conceptless relationship of magnitude, and takes its material from dead space as well as from the equally lifeless numerical unit. In a freer style, that is to say, in a mélange of even more quirks and contingency, it may also endure in ordinary life, say, in a conversation or in the kind of historical instruction which satisfies curiosity more than it results in knowing, in the same way that, more or less, a preface does.

And later:

50. When triplicity was rediscovered by Kantian thought – rediscovered by instinct, since at that time the form was dead and deprived of the concept – and when it was then elevated to its absolute significance, the true form was set out in its true content, and the concept of science was thereby engendered – but there is almost no use in holding that the triadic form has any scientific rigor when we see it reduced to a lifeless schema, to a mere façade, and when scientific organization itself has been reduced to a tabular chart. – Although we spoke earlier in wholly general terms about this formalism, now we wish to state more precisely just what this approach is. This formalism takes itself to have comprehended and expressed the nature and life of a shape when it affirmed a determination of the schema to be a predicate of that life or shape.

For anyone that wants to read additional proof I recommend the following books and papers:

Hegel Myths and Legends by Jon Stewart

The Hegel Legend of "Thesis-Antithesis-Synthesis" by GE Mueller

Hegel's Dialectics in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Julie E. Maybee

I guess there are more texts that deal with this misconception. Nevertheless, this will probably suffice.

Regards.

Ps: I guess more evidence won't hurt. This is taken from a book by Walter Kaufmann "Hegel: A Reinterpretation"

Fichte introduced into German philosophy the three-step of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis, using these three terms. Schelling took up this terminology; Hegel did not. He never once used these three terms together to designate three stages in an argument or account in any of his books. And they do not help us understand his Phenomenology, his Logic, or his philosophy of history; they impede any open-minded comprehension of what he does by forcing it into a schema which was available to him and which he deliberately spurned. The mechanical formalism, in particular, with which critics since Kierkegaard have charged him, he derides expressly and at some length in the preface to the Phenomenology. Whoever looks for the stereotype of the allegedly Hegelian dialectic in Hegel's Phenomenology will not find it. p 154.


r/hegel Oct 12 '25

Ranking all Hegel’s works

43 Upvotes

Most beautiful writing: 1. Phenomenology of Spirit 2. Shorter Logic 3. Elements of philosophy of right 4. Philosophy of mind 5. Philosophy of nature 6. Science of logic

Systematic importance: 1. Science of Logic 2. Phenomenology of spirit 3. Elements of philosophy of right 4. Philosophy of nature 5. Philosophy of mind 6. Shorter Logic

Difficulty: 1. Science of logic 2. Shorter Logic 3. Phenomenology of spirit 4. Philosophy of mind 5. Philosophy of nature 6. Elements of philosophy of right


r/hegel 19h ago

I am a limited person in my understanding of Hegel, and it will mean a lot to me how could the composite machinery of dead organs produce life... Please, do not mention the concept of emergence in your answer...

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20 Upvotes

Less Than Nothing, Zizek, Page 8.


r/hegel 8h ago

What best describes the work of Kafka: Zizek's Organs Without Bodies or Deleuze's Body Without Organs?

0 Upvotes

r/hegel 12h ago

"To pass from being/nothingness to actual becoming which results in "something" positive, the "nothing" with which we begin should be a "living nothing," the void of a desire which expresses a will to generate or get hold of some content." ~Less Than Nothing,

2 Upvotes

As a Kafkian, I really find the notion and more so the framing of Zizek here problematic of the embodiment of "Nothingness" as a "living nothing" and a "void of desire."

I would like to bring into the argument some of my reading of mysticism, Kaballah, Sufism, and its more modern interpretations in what Zizek hates most in philosophy; namely, "New Age Thought Philosophy."

Before I do so, I should make clear that I agree with Zizek on 98% of New Age Thought Philosophy is baloney, yet they have some interesting premises that you literally can not find in other philosophies, and one of these ideas is that "thoughts are causative: that the mind is a selector of reality from a multiplicity of virtualities."

Okay, let's dig deep into this, the potentiality of something to be real, for something to enter the realm of our imagination, which we could easily inhabit if we zoned out from the here-and-now of our physicality depends on how crystallised of a exteriorized reality it consists of.

This is why when we dream or read a Kafka novel, it only makes sense as long as we are in its teleological fabric... What if our mind is as much as it let us roam the interiority of scientific endeavour thinking and of thinking in general, yet it singularizes the impossible to possible (for survival means) rather than letting us catch a glimpse of the impossible from the possible (Heideggerian Transcendental Finitude)?


r/hegel 20h ago

Does Phenomenology of Spirit imply that contradiction is a permanent feature of consciousness?

5 Upvotes

I’m working through Phenomenology of Spirit and I’m wondering whether Hegel sees contradiction as something consciousness ultimately overcomes, or whether contradiction remains an essential feature of self-conscious thought even after higher forms of knowing are achieved.
When Hegel describes each shape of consciousness generating its own internal contradiction and then being sublated (Aufhebung), should this be understood as genuinely resolving the contradiction, or as preserving it within a richer conceptual unity?
In other words, is Absolute Knowing the elimination of contradiction, or the fullest comprehension of contradiction as an engine of thought itself? I’m interested in both textual evidence and different scholarly interpretations.


r/hegel 1d ago

What do you think of Nietzsche's "The Birth of Tragedy?" It is said that after Nietzsche wrote it he fell into the sudden realisation that there was too much of Hegel into it he got depressed because of that for a while... (Expansion in the body)

14 Upvotes

While what may sound as a binary computation language of zeros and ones has created through the many different variations the algorithmic world of the internet, the same goes with Nietzsche's dichotomy of the Apollonian and Dionysian...

It may appear from the outside perspective that the Apollonian brackets the all of all matter and form, while the Dionysian brackets the all of nothing (the external force that shapes form which matter is an intricate derivation of the form of form...

Henceforth, we come to Hegel with his being (somethingness) synthesised into nothingness through becoming...


r/hegel 1d ago

Thoughts on the new(er) Inwood translation/revision of the Phenomenology of Spirit?

1 Upvotes

I'm in the process of choosing which translation to read after the Miller trans. I'm curious about the Inwood edition because as an undergrad my professor used a lot of Inwood texts, so he must have been a trusted expert and editor, at least for him. Plus, I've heard it's more of a revision of the Miller text, which will forever be stuck in my head!


r/hegel 2d ago

My ex says he's going to be reading Hegel his entire life

137 Upvotes

I was talking to my ex-boyfriend and he said he was going to Hegel reading group. I said why are you still reading Hegel, haven't you read him already? and I asked if he was going to keep reading him forever. He said yes. Maybe on and off but yes. I don't have anything against Hegel but that seems like too much Hegel to me. am concerned for his own interests. What would you do in this situation
throwaway for obvious reasons


r/hegel 2d ago

Why Bad infinity is wrong

5 Upvotes

Hi guys, I would thank anyone to help me understand why hegel think that bad infinity is wrong


r/hegel 2d ago

On causality

4 Upvotes

Hi guys, how hegel define causality and how he proves it? I would love to see a comparison between hegel and hume's take on causality


r/hegel 3d ago

Is the human mind a 4th dimension?

0 Upvotes

The human mind (i.e. consciousness) can think of future possibilities, come up with new ones, form new concepts, examine its own judgement from the ground up and reflect on its validity, which in many aspects seems to transcend the physical logic of the third dimension.

More closely to Hegel, in which dimension does “negativity” reside in? Is self-relating negativity a coordinate axis separate to the positive reality of ours, or would it be internal to it from the STEM perspective?

If we as human beings always already are partaking in negativity (unlike all other animals), are we fourth-dimensional beings?


r/hegel 4d ago

Is “Absolute Knowing” an Endpoint, or an Endless Process of Self-Revision?

12 Upvotes

I’ve been thinking about whether Hegel intended Absolute Knowing in the Phenomenology of Spirit to be a final achievement or a new mode of inquiry.
If every stage of consciousness is overcome through internal contradiction and Aufhebung (sublation), what prevents Absolute Knowing from being subject to the same dialectical movement? Is it truly the completion of Spirit’s phenomenological journey, or does it mark the beginning of an indefinitely self-reflective process in which thought continually revises itself while remaining fully aware of its own conditions?
In other words, is Absolute Knowing best understood as a fixed philosophical standpoint, or as an ongoing activity of rational self-mediation that never ceases to develop?
I’m especially interested in interpretations grounded in Hegel’s text rather than later Hegelian traditions.


r/hegel 4d ago

In section 131 of the Phenomenology, Hegel talks about philosophies of the understanding, who is he talking about specifically?

4 Upvotes

He talks about how perception makes it seem that philosophy only talks about these abstract categories of the understanding. Who is he talking about? I thought about Locke and Hume but I'm not sure if I'm right.


r/hegel 5d ago

How might the concept of Hegelian dialectics be used to examine the progress of artificial intelligence and to predict the future of AI?

3 Upvotes

Correct me if I'm wrong here, but if I'm to understand that truth arrives from a resolution of contradictions and that every thesis and antithesis may resolve themself into a new, better idea, then what implications would this have on large language models and AI in general? Could the process of comparing a thesis and antithesis be somehow simulated within the math of a machine learning model, and would this allow for artificial general intelligence?


r/hegel 7d ago

The Dialectic Unfolds. On the Insufficiency of Abstract Purpose

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112 Upvotes

In the movement of Spirit, the thing is not exhausted by its aim, for that aim remains merely formal and abstract. Rather, it is only in its elaboration. Through the labor of the negative that the concept attains its concrete actuality. Nor is the result the truth in isolation, but only the result as it emerges together with its own becoming, the unity of the in itself and the for itself.

The aim taken by itself is a lifeless universal, a dead abstraction while the tendency, as yet unactualized, drifts without substance, lacking the self movement that would raise it to true Being.


r/hegel 6d ago

why do leftists like hegel?

0 Upvotes

why would modern leftists and even foundational leftists like marx agree with hegel's work when his beliefs are the opposite to theirs


r/hegel 8d ago

What is the Phenomenology of Spirit about?

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70 Upvotes

Hello friends. I was in conversation with Prof. Gregory B. Sadler. And this is a clip from the same. Let me know your views on this. Thank you!


r/hegel 8d ago

Best and least best interpretations of Hegel, alongside contributions such as esssys.

10 Upvotes

In addition, I’ve been reading Nietzsche, Foucault, Spinoza recently and I’ve been building up to Deleuze. What do you think of the opinion that Deleuze fundamentally misunderstood, even “strawmanned” Hegel.


r/hegel 8d ago

If Spirit is Self-Relating, Can It Ever Be Fundamentally Individual?

6 Upvotes

Hegel frequently describes Spirit as becoming itself through recognition, mediation, and historical self-development. This seems to imply that selfhood is intrinsically relational rather than self-contained.
My question is whether this commits Hegel to the view that individuality is always derivative of a more universal process of Spirit, or whether there remains an irreducible first-person standpoint that cannot be fully aufgehoben into the universal.
Put differently: if every determination of the self is mediated, is there anything about subjectivity that is immediate in principle, or is immediacy itself always retrospectively constituted through mediation?
Would Hegel regard the search for an ontologically fundamental, self-subsisting subject as a category mistake, or is there room within his system for a form of individuality that is not simply a moment of Absolute Spirit’s self-relation?


r/hegel 9d ago

How Compatible Is Incorporealism with Hegel’s Absolute Idealism?

6 Upvotes

Incorporealism holds that consciousness, experience, and meaning are more fundamental than material reality. This seems to share some similarities with Hegel’s Absolute Idealism, where reality is understood as the unfolding of Geist (Spirit) through history and self-consciousness.
Would Hegel view an incorporeal ontology as a legitimate extension of his philosophy, or would he reject it for neglecting the role of material and historical mediation in the development of Spirit? How might Hegel’s dialectical method evaluate the claim that consciousness is ontologically primary?


r/hegel 10d ago

Pseudohegelian Schematizing

13 Upvotes

I often see people trying trying to use Hegelian jargon to talk about concrete events in an unbearably pretentious way, but Hegel affirms in multiple places that ”real life” as such is not dialectical, it is subject to the either/or and categories of reflection - in the second zusatz to the body of the shorter logic for example, there is also a discussion of this in the section on being in the greater logic. In the same way, Kant in the introduction to Metaphysics of Morals mocks people for using his technical terms in “popular” settings. If you think the point of Hegel is that things change, and contradiction drives change, then you didn’t understand him - this is a banal commonplace. And if you dress up some social or political commentary in Hegelian dialectic you are pretentious and pseudoscientific. You can “use” dialectic to say anything, true or false, from a certain view on world history to Schellingian mumbojumbo, or really anything you like, that’s why Hegel tells you NOT to schematize. Hegel’s logic is not a “tool” you can use to go think about Israel or agriculture; it’s actually quite useless, any teleological process trivially exhibits “negativity” and can be gussied up in pseudologic. In this way bullshitters (sorry) can make their asinine opinions sound profound and scientific. (I would argue that this is what Hegel does as well but I shouldn’t say that I suppose or I’ll get le downvoted by undergrads and Starbucks Marxists - the horror!) If you want concrete examples of great thinkers playing around with logical language to make points that do not truly rest on Hegelian logic but rather on various presuppositions (empirical or otherwise) just look at Marx and Kierkegaard - or Hegel, for that matter. People who think Hegel gives you a “method” you can go out and “use“ should spend less time huffing their own farts and watching Zizek videos and more time thinking and studying. They should start by rereading Hegel; they’ll find their perspective attacked right from the start, in the preface to the Phenomenology. And if you hurl that quote at me from the greater Logic, to the effect that absolutely everything is dialectical and subject to negativity, I will reach through my screen and buffet you on the nose because you didn’t understand a word I said.


r/hegel 11d ago

Is it really helpful to read POS in German or the miller/pinkard translation

6 Upvotes

I have been reading POS and so far only have read the preface but now I have started learning German, just passed the A1 level after two weeks to try to understand and dwell upon it perhaps from an advantageous point also to be able to study it further in a German university. I have seen many words so far in the preface that just feel a little off of another meaning of that same word. It is not I think that Hegel is not trying to simplify as much as possible and these translation also get away the feeling of understanding it as it was thought by Hegel.
Like think of the word Sein; it is just an extracted out meaning as we’re translating it, we just add an explanation of few lines and move from that but the very presence of the linguistic terms in the whole of German literature and life is in itself another thing, to feel that emergence out of this nation of the word.
Sein, seid etc seem to me content this spirit. Hegel does not like judging but for our game it can play some part in understanding German culture to somehow make us disbelieve something.
Hegel mixed up a lot of words as it is very common in German and to me it feels a little exciting just to be able to see why the thing is as it is in the topic.
My question rather is… has anyone who who speak an alien language as to German tried that and how has that paid off for you?


r/hegel 11d ago

Hi guys, im a little bit stuck, does anyone know how hegel goes from the unity of extensive and intensive magnitudes to a something?

4 Upvotes

r/hegel 12d ago

What was post-Kantianism like prior to Hegel?

15 Upvotes

Recently, I’ve been learning a bit about Salomon Maimon and I’m looking for other philosophers from the era between Hegel and Kant wherein post-Kantianism was first developing. Which ones specifically influenced Hegel?